India Languages
India
has 18 of Ticially recognised languages since 1992). The Indian
languages now in use have evolved from different languag families
corresponding more or less to the different ethnic elements that
have come into india from the dawn of history. They may be put
into 6 groups :
1. Negroid
2. Austric
3. Sino-Tibetan
4. Dravidian
5. Indo-Aryan
6. Other Speeches.
These languages have interacted on one another through the centuries and have
produced the major linguistic divisions of modern India. Among the major groups,
the Aryan and the Dravidian are the dominating families. They have influenced
each other anchave, in turn, been influenced by the Austric and Sino-Tibetan
tongues.
The important languages in this group are: Western punjabi, Sindhi, Eastern punjabi,
Hindi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Gujarati, marathi, Assamese, bengali, oriya, Pahari,
Kashmiri and Sanskrit.
Hindi or Hindustani has produced two great literatures, Urdu- nd HindL Both have
the same grammar and the same basic ,vocabulary. They differ, however, in script
and higher vocabulary. UrrfMuses the Perso-Arabic script. Hindi uses the Nagari
script and has a preference for purely Indian words, in contradistinction to
the numerous Arabic and Persian words tKMTOwed by Urdu.
Sanskrit, the classical language of India, represents the highest achievement
of the lndo-Aryan languages* Although hardly spoken now-a-days, Sanskrit has
been listed a nationally accepted language in the VIII Schedule to the Constitution.
Dravidian languages form agroup by themselves, and unlike the Aryan, Austric
or SinoTibetan speeches, have no relations outside the Indian sut"continent,
that is, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Dravidian family is lie second largest
group in India, covering about 25% of the total Indian oooulation.
The Dravidian language came into India centuries before the Indo-Aryan. It split
into three branches in the Indian'subcontinent-(I) The northern branch comprises
Brahui spo ken in Baluchistan and Kurukh and Malto spoken in Bengal and Orissa.
Kurukh is also spoken in Biharand M.P. (ii) The central brand is composed of
Telugu and a number of dia lects spoken in Central India - Kill, Khond Holanl,
Konda, Gondi, Naiki, Parji, Koya and others, (iii) The southern branch is maoe
up of Tamil, Kannade, Malayalam, Tula, Badaga Toda, Kota and Kodagu.
The major languages of the Dravidian group are: (i) Telugu (Andhra Pradesh),
numerically the biggest of the Dravidian languages, (ii) Tamil (Tamil Nadu),
apparently the oldest and purest branch of the Dravidian family, (iii) Kannada
(Karnataka), another ancient Dravid ian language that has developed individually
(iv) MaTayalam (Kerala), the smallest and the youngest of the Dravidian family.
India never had a common language which was intelligible to the masses everywhere
in India. For many years, Sanskrit remained a common medium, Ilrt it was the
language of the learned classes and not of the masses Under the British, English
became a sort of lingua franca. Here again, it was restricted to the educated
few. Of the 1652 mother tongues listed in the census, 33 are spoken by people
numbering over a lakh. The following table shows the names of mother tongues
and the number of sneakers:
With independence, the question of a common language naturally came up. The Constituent
Assembly could not arrive at a consensus in the matter. The question was put
to vote and Hindi won On a single vote-the casting vote or me nresiaeni. ine
india.
National Congress had advocated the formation of linguistic provinces. The acceptance
this policy involved the statutory recognition of all the major regional languages.
The constitution therefore recognised Hind in Devariagari script as the official
language the Union (Art. 343 et. seq.) and the regions languages as the official
languages of the States concerned (Art. 345 ct. seq.). English was recognised
as the authoritative legisla tive and judicial language (Art. 348 et. Seq. schedule-the
8th Schedule-was added the Constitution to indicate all regional languages statutorily
recognised. The Schedul originally contained 15 languages as follows
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Kannada, Kashmiri,Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya,
Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Sindi By the 71 st Amenament to the constitutic
Conkani Manipuri and Nepali were added the list in 1992.
